Unlocking the Terawatt Era: How Grid Storage Solutions in 2025 Are Powering a Global Energy Revolution. Explore Market Growth, Technology Shifts, and the Road to 2030.
- Executive Summary: The Terawatt-Scale Imperative
- 2025 Market Size & 5-Year Growth Forecast (2025–2030)
- Key Technologies: Lithium-Ion, Flow Batteries, and Beyond
- Major Players & Industry Initiatives (e.g., Tesla, CATL, Fluence, LG Energy Solution)
- Policy Drivers and Regulatory Landscape
- Cost Trends and Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) Analysis
- Grid Integration: Challenges and Solutions at Terawatt Scale
- Supply Chain, Raw Materials, and Sustainability Considerations
- Emerging Innovations: Solid-State, Hybrid, and Long-Duration Storage
- Future Outlook: Market Opportunities, Risks, and Strategic Recommendations
- Sources & References
Executive Summary: The Terawatt-Scale Imperative
The global energy transition is accelerating, with grid-scale storage emerging as a critical enabler for decarbonization and renewable integration. As of 2025, the imperative for terawatt-scale grid storage solutions is driven by the rapid deployment of variable renewable energy sources, electrification of transport and industry, and the need for grid resilience. The International Energy Agency projects that to meet net-zero targets, global energy storage capacity must expand from approximately 230 GW in 2023 to over 3,500 GW by 2050, with a significant portion required before 2030. This translates to a need for annual additions approaching the terawatt-hour scale within the next few years.
The market is witnessing unprecedented momentum. Leading battery manufacturers such as Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL) and LG Energy Solution are scaling up production, with CATL alone surpassing 400 GWh of annual battery output in 2024 and targeting further expansion. Tesla, Inc. continues to deploy its Megapack systems at multi-gigawatt-hour scale, with projects like the 2.6 GWh Moss Landing installation in California and new deployments in Europe and Australia. Meanwhile, Sungrow Power Supply Co., Ltd. and EVE Energy Co., Ltd. are rapidly increasing their global market share, supplying utility-scale lithium-ion systems to major grid operators.
Beyond lithium-ion, alternative storage technologies are gaining traction. Form Energy, Inc. is commissioning its first commercial iron-air battery plant in the United States, targeting multi-day storage at grid scale. U.S. Energy Storage Association and other industry bodies report a surge in long-duration storage pilot projects, including flow batteries, compressed air, and pumped hydro, with several gigawatt-scale projects under development or construction.
Policy support is intensifying. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Long Duration Storage Shot aims to reduce costs by 90% by 2030, while the European Union’s REPowerEU plan prioritizes storage deployment to stabilize renewable-heavy grids. China’s National Energy Administration has mandated that new renewable projects include a minimum percentage of co-located storage, accelerating domestic installations.
Looking ahead, the outlook for terawatt-scale grid storage is robust. Supply chain investments, technology diversification, and supportive regulation are converging to enable annual deployments in the hundreds of gigawatt-hours, with the first terawatt-hour of cumulative installed grid storage expected by the late 2020s. The sector’s trajectory in 2025 and beyond will be defined by continued cost declines, rapid scaling, and the integration of diverse storage technologies to meet the world’s urgent decarbonization goals.
2025 Market Size & 5-Year Growth Forecast (2025–2030)
The global market for terawatt-scale grid storage solutions is entering a pivotal phase in 2025, driven by the accelerating deployment of renewable energy and the urgent need for grid flexibility. As of 2025, cumulative installed grid-scale battery storage capacity is projected to surpass 500 gigawatt-hours (GWh) worldwide, with annual additions expected to exceed 150 GWh. This rapid growth is underpinned by major investments from leading battery manufacturers and energy companies, as well as supportive policy frameworks in key markets such as the United States, China, and the European Union.
Among the most prominent players, Tesla, Inc. continues to expand its global footprint with its Megapack lithium-ion battery systems, which are being deployed in multi-hundred-megawatt projects across North America, Europe, and Australia. Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL), the world’s largest battery manufacturer, is scaling up production of its grid storage solutions, including lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and sodium-ion batteries, to meet surging demand in China and abroad. LG Energy Solution and Samsung SDI are also expanding their grid storage portfolios, targeting utility-scale projects in Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
In addition to lithium-ion, alternative technologies are gaining traction. Volkswagen Group is investing in solid-state battery research, while ESS Inc. and Form Energy are commercializing iron flow and multi-day duration storage systems, respectively, to address long-duration storage needs. Pumped hydro storage, still the largest source of grid-scale storage by capacity, is seeing renewed investment, particularly in China and Australia, with new projects being developed by state-owned utilities and private consortia.
Looking ahead to 2030, the market is forecast to reach cumulative installations of 2–3 terawatt-hours (TWh), representing a five- to six-fold increase from 2025 levels. This expansion will be driven by falling battery costs, advances in manufacturing scale, and the integration of storage into national decarbonization strategies. The United States is targeting over 500 GWh of grid storage by 2030, supported by incentives under the Inflation Reduction Act, while China’s 14th Five-Year Plan calls for at least 120 GW of new energy storage capacity by 2025, with further growth expected through 2030.
- 2025 global grid storage market size: >500 GWh installed, 150+ GWh annual additions
- 2030 forecast: 2–3 TWh cumulative capacity, 5–6x growth over 2025
- Key players: Tesla, Inc., CATL, LG Energy Solution, Samsung SDI, ESS Inc., Form Energy
- Major markets: United States, China, European Union, Australia
- Technology trends: Lithium-ion dominance, rapid growth in LFP and sodium-ion, emergence of long-duration and alternative storage
Key Technologies: Lithium-Ion, Flow Batteries, and Beyond
The global push toward decarbonization and renewable energy integration is driving unprecedented demand for terawatt-scale grid storage solutions. As of 2025, three primary technology categories—lithium-ion batteries, flow batteries, and emerging alternatives—are shaping the landscape, each with distinct advantages and deployment trajectories.
Lithium-Ion Batteries remain the dominant technology for grid-scale storage, accounting for the vast majority of new installations. Their rapid cost declines, high energy density, and proven scalability have enabled gigawatt-hour projects worldwide. Industry leaders such as Tesla, Inc. and LG Energy Solution are expanding manufacturing capacity to meet surging demand, with Tesla’s Megapack and LG’s ESS platforms deployed in multi-hundred-megawatt projects. In 2024, global installed grid battery capacity surpassed 100 GW, with projections for annual additions exceeding 50 GW through 2026, largely driven by lithium-ion deployments (Tesla, Inc.; LG Energy Solution).
However, concerns over resource constraints, fire safety, and cycle life for long-duration applications are catalyzing interest in alternative chemistries. Flow batteries, particularly vanadium redox and zinc-based systems, are gaining traction for multi-hour and daily cycling needs. Companies like Invinity Energy Systems and ESS Inc. are commissioning projects in the tens of megawatt-hours, with modular designs that promise scalability and enhanced safety. Invinity’s vanadium flow batteries are being deployed in the UK, Australia, and the US, while ESS Inc. is advancing iron flow technology for utility-scale installations. Flow batteries’ ability to decouple power and energy ratings makes them attractive for grid operators seeking flexible, long-duration storage.
Looking beyond 2025, next-generation technologies are moving from pilot to early commercial stages. Sodium-ion batteries, championed by Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL), offer lower material costs and improved safety, with initial deployments in China’s grid storage sector. Solid-state batteries and metal-air chemistries are also under active development, though large-scale commercialization is expected later in the decade. Meanwhile, Form Energy is piloting multi-day iron-air battery systems in the US, targeting applications that require 100+ hours of storage.
The outlook for terawatt-scale grid storage is robust, with technology diversification accelerating. While lithium-ion will likely retain a leading share through the mid-2020s, flow batteries and emerging chemistries are poised to capture a growing portion of the market as performance, cost, and supply chain factors evolve. The next few years will be pivotal in determining which technologies achieve the scale and reliability required for a decarbonized, resilient grid.
Major Players & Industry Initiatives (e.g., Tesla, CATL, Fluence, LG Energy Solution)
The race toward terawatt-scale grid storage is accelerating rapidly in 2025, with several major players spearheading the deployment of large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) and related technologies. These efforts are critical to support the global transition to renewable energy and to stabilize increasingly dynamic power grids.
Tesla, Inc. remains a dominant force in grid-scale storage, leveraging its Megapack lithium-ion systems. In 2024, Tesla announced the opening of a new Megapack factory in Lathrop, California, with an annual production capacity of 40 GWh, and has signaled plans to scale further to meet surging demand from utilities and grid operators worldwide. Tesla’s projects, such as the Moss Landing Energy Storage Facility in California, are among the world’s largest, and the company is actively expanding its footprint in Europe and Asia-Pacific. Tesla’s vertically integrated approach, from cell manufacturing to software (Autobidder), positions it as a key enabler of terawatt-hour (TWh) scale deployments in the coming years (Tesla, Inc.).
Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited (CATL), the world’s largest battery manufacturer by installed capacity, is aggressively scaling its grid storage business. In 2023, CATL unveiled its TWh-scale “grid-level” energy storage solution, the EnerC Plus, and has since secured contracts for multi-GWh projects in China, Europe, and the Middle East. CATL’s focus on lithium iron phosphate (LFP) chemistries, which offer improved safety and cost-effectiveness, is driving adoption for utility-scale applications. The company’s global expansion strategy includes new manufacturing bases in Germany and Hungary, supporting the rapid buildout of grid storage infrastructure (Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited).
Fluence Energy, Inc., a joint venture between Siemens and AES, is a leading independent provider of energy storage technology and digital optimization platforms. As of 2025, Fluence has deployed or contracted over 17 GW of energy storage projects across 40+ markets. Its sixth-generation Gridstack and Sunstack platforms are designed for rapid deployment and high reliability, and the company is investing in AI-driven software to maximize grid value. Fluence’s global reach and partnerships with major utilities position it as a pivotal player in the terawatt-scale transition (Fluence Energy, Inc.).
LG Energy Solution, a major South Korean battery manufacturer, is scaling up its grid storage offerings with a focus on advanced LFP and NMC chemistries. LG Energy Solution is expanding production capacity in the U.S., Europe, and Asia, and has secured contracts for large-scale BESS installations with leading utilities. The company’s emphasis on safety, long cycle life, and integrated energy management systems is driving its competitiveness in the global market (LG Energy Solution).
Looking ahead, these industry leaders are expected to collectively deliver hundreds of gigawatt-hours of new grid storage capacity annually, with the first terawatt-hour of cumulative global installations projected within the next few years. Their ongoing investments in manufacturing, technology innovation, and digital platforms are setting the stage for a resilient, renewables-powered grid at unprecedented scale.
Policy Drivers and Regulatory Landscape
The policy and regulatory landscape for terawatt-scale grid storage is rapidly evolving in 2025, driven by ambitious decarbonization targets and the urgent need to integrate variable renewable energy sources. Governments and regulatory bodies worldwide are enacting frameworks to accelerate the deployment of large-scale energy storage, recognizing its critical role in grid reliability, flexibility, and emissions reduction.
In the United States, the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) continues to be a major catalyst, offering investment tax credits (ITC) for standalone energy storage projects through at least 2032. This policy has spurred a surge in grid-scale battery installations, with the U.S. Energy Information Administration projecting over 30 GW of new battery storage capacity to be added by 2025. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has also implemented Order 841, mandating that regional transmission organizations allow storage resources to participate fully in wholesale electricity markets, further incentivizing large-scale deployments.
The European Union is advancing its Fit for 55 package and the REPowerEU plan, both of which emphasize the need for massive grid storage to meet 2030 climate goals. The European Commission is working to harmonize permitting and market access for storage assets, while several member states, including Germany and Spain, have introduced capacity mechanisms and direct subsidies for long-duration storage. The EU’s Battery Regulation, effective from 2024, sets sustainability and circularity requirements for large-scale battery systems, impacting manufacturers such as Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited (CATL) and LG Energy Solution, both of which are scaling up their European operations.
In China, the National Energy Administration has mandated that new renewable energy projects include a minimum proportion of energy storage, typically 10–20% of project capacity. This policy is accelerating the deployment of grid-scale storage, with leading domestic suppliers like CATL and BYD Company Limited rapidly expanding their production and project portfolios. China’s 14th Five-Year Plan also sets explicit targets for non-hydro storage, aiming for over 30 GW by 2025.
Globally, regulatory frameworks are increasingly recognizing the value of long-duration and alternative storage technologies, such as flow batteries and compressed air, with pilot projects supported by public funding in the U.S., EU, and Asia. Industry bodies like the Energy Storage Association and International Energy Agency are actively engaging with policymakers to standardize definitions, performance metrics, and market participation rules for storage at terawatt scale.
Looking ahead, the next few years will see further policy refinements, with a focus on market integration, revenue stacking, and streamlined permitting. These regulatory advances are expected to underpin the rapid scaling of grid storage solutions, enabling the transition to cleaner, more resilient power systems worldwide.
Cost Trends and Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) Analysis
The cost landscape for terawatt-scale grid storage is rapidly evolving as global deployment accelerates in 2025 and beyond. The levelized cost of storage (LCOS)—a key metric that incorporates capital expenditure, operating costs, efficiency, and system lifetime—has seen significant declines, particularly for lithium-ion battery energy storage systems (BESS), which currently dominate new installations. As of 2025, LCOS for utility-scale lithium-ion BESS is frequently reported in the range of $100–$150 per megawatt-hour (MWh) for four-hour systems, with leading manufacturers targeting further reductions through manufacturing scale, improved chemistries, and supply chain optimization.
Major industry players such as Tesla, Inc. and Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL) have announced gigafactory expansions and new product lines aimed at lowering costs and increasing energy density. Tesla’s Megapack, for example, is being deployed in multi-gigawatt-hour projects worldwide, with the company emphasizing cost reductions through vertical integration and manufacturing scale. CATL, the world’s largest battery manufacturer, continues to expand its global footprint and has introduced new battery chemistries, such as sodium-ion and advanced lithium iron phosphate (LFP), which promise lower material costs and improved safety profiles.
Beyond lithium-ion, alternative storage technologies are gaining traction for long-duration and seasonal applications. Companies like Form Energy, Inc. are commercializing iron-air batteries, targeting LCOS below $20/MWh for multi-day storage, though these solutions are just beginning to scale in 2025. Similarly, ESS Inc. is deploying iron flow batteries, which offer the potential for low-cost, long-duration storage with minimal degradation over time.
Pumped hydro storage remains the lowest-cost, mature solution for grid-scale, long-duration storage, with LCOS estimates often below $50/MWh for suitable sites. However, new project development is constrained by geography and permitting timelines. Companies such as ANDRITZ AG and Voith Group continue to modernize existing assets and pursue new projects where feasible.
Looking ahead, the outlook for LCOS continues to improve as manufacturing capacity expands and new chemistries reach commercial maturity. The International Energy Agency projects that global grid storage capacity will need to exceed 1 terawatt-hour by 2030 to support renewable integration, with cost competitiveness being a critical enabler. As a result, the next few years are expected to see intensified competition, technology diversification, and further LCOS reductions, particularly as supply chains stabilize and economies of scale are realized.
Grid Integration: Challenges and Solutions at Terawatt Scale
The rapid global expansion of renewable energy is driving unprecedented demand for grid-scale storage solutions capable of operating at the terawatt (TW) level. As of 2025, the world’s installed battery energy storage capacity is projected to surpass 500 gigawatt-hours (GWh), with annual additions accelerating sharply. However, to support deep decarbonization and the integration of variable renewables at scale, storage deployments must reach the terawatt-hour (TWh) range within the next decade. This transition presents significant technical, economic, and operational challenges for grid integration.
Lithium-ion batteries remain the dominant technology for grid storage, with leading manufacturers such as Tesla, Contemporary Amperex Technology Co. Limited (CATL), and LG Energy Solution scaling up production to meet surging demand. Tesla’s Megapack installations, for example, are now routinely deployed in multi-hundred-megawatt projects, and the company is expanding its manufacturing footprint to support multi-gigawatt-hour annual output. CATL, the world’s largest battery producer, has announced plans to supply grid storage systems with individual project capacities exceeding 1 GWh, and is investing in new chemistries such as sodium-ion to address cost and resource constraints.
Despite these advances, lithium-ion faces challenges at TW scale, including supply chain limitations, raw material costs, and fire safety concerns. As a result, alternative storage technologies are gaining traction. Flow batteries, led by companies like Vionx Energy and Invinity Energy Systems, offer long-duration storage with lower degradation and improved safety. Meanwhile, mechanical storage solutions such as pumped hydro and advanced compressed air are being revitalized, with Voith and U.S. Energy Storage Association reporting new projects in the pipeline.
Grid integration at the TW scale also requires advanced software and control systems. Companies like Siemens and ABB are developing digital platforms for real-time monitoring, optimization, and grid balancing. These systems enable storage assets to provide not only energy shifting but also ancillary services such as frequency regulation and voltage support, which are critical for maintaining grid stability as renewable penetration increases.
Looking ahead, the outlook for terawatt-scale grid storage is promising but hinges on continued innovation in battery chemistries, manufacturing scale-up, and grid management technologies. Policy support and market reforms will also be essential to unlock investment and accelerate deployment. By 2030, the convergence of these factors could see global grid storage capacity approach the multi-terawatt-hour threshold, fundamentally transforming power system operations and enabling a resilient, low-carbon energy future.
Supply Chain, Raw Materials, and Sustainability Considerations
The rapid global push toward terawatt-scale grid storage is fundamentally reshaping supply chains, raw material sourcing, and sustainability strategies. As grid-scale battery deployments accelerate—driven by renewable integration and decarbonization mandates—industry stakeholders are confronting both unprecedented opportunities and acute challenges in securing sustainable, resilient supply chains.
Lithium-ion batteries remain the dominant technology for grid storage, with leading manufacturers such as Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL), LG Energy Solution, Panasonic Corporation, and Tesla, Inc. scaling up production to meet surging demand. In 2025, global battery manufacturing capacity is projected to surpass 2 TWh, with a significant share earmarked for stationary storage applications. CATL alone is expanding its global footprint with new gigafactories in China, Europe, and North America, aiming to secure raw material supply and reduce logistics emissions.
Raw material sourcing, particularly for lithium, nickel, cobalt, and graphite, is under intense scrutiny. The industry is responding with a dual strategy: diversifying supply sources and investing in recycling. Tesla, Inc. and Panasonic Corporation are actively developing closed-loop battery recycling systems to recover critical minerals, while LG Energy Solution is forging long-term agreements with mining companies to secure ethical and traceable supply chains. Additionally, companies like CATL are exploring alternative chemistries, such as lithium iron phosphate (LFP), which reduce reliance on cobalt and nickel and offer improved safety and longevity for stationary storage.
Sustainability is increasingly central to procurement and manufacturing decisions. Major players are publishing detailed sustainability reports and setting ambitious targets for carbon neutrality across their operations. Panasonic Corporation has committed to sourcing 100% renewable electricity for its battery factories, while Tesla, Inc. is investing in water-efficient lithium extraction and localizing supply chains to minimize transport emissions. Furthermore, industry-wide initiatives are underway to standardize environmental, social, and governance (ESG) metrics, with organizations such as the Energy Storage Association advocating for transparent reporting and responsible sourcing.
Looking ahead, the next few years will see intensified efforts to localize supply chains, scale up recycling infrastructure, and commercialize alternative battery chemistries. These measures are essential to mitigate raw material bottlenecks, reduce environmental impacts, and ensure the long-term sustainability of terawatt-scale grid storage solutions.
Emerging Innovations: Solid-State, Hybrid, and Long-Duration Storage
The global push toward decarbonization and renewable energy integration is driving unprecedented demand for terawatt-scale grid storage solutions. As of 2025, the industry is witnessing rapid innovation in solid-state, hybrid, and long-duration storage technologies, each addressing the critical need for scalable, safe, and cost-effective energy storage to support grid reliability and flexibility.
Solid-state battery technology, long heralded for its potential to deliver higher energy density and improved safety over conventional lithium-ion systems, is making significant strides toward commercialization. Toyota Motor Corporation has announced plans to begin mass production of solid-state batteries for electric vehicles by 2027–2028, with implications for stationary storage markets as manufacturing scales and costs decline. Similarly, QuantumScape Corporation is advancing solid-state lithium-metal batteries, targeting both automotive and grid storage applications, with pilot production lines operational and partnerships with major automakers and utilities.
Hybrid storage systems, which combine multiple storage technologies to optimize performance and economics, are gaining traction in utility-scale deployments. For example, Tesla, Inc. continues to expand its Megapack platform, integrating advanced lithium-ion cells with sophisticated power electronics and software to deliver grid-scale solutions exceeding 1 GWh per site. These systems are increasingly paired with other technologies, such as flow batteries or supercapacitors, to balance short-term power needs with long-duration energy shifting.
Long-duration energy storage (LDES) is emerging as a cornerstone for achieving terawatt-scale capacity, enabling grids to store renewable energy for hours to days. Form Energy, Inc. is deploying iron-air battery systems capable of delivering 100+ hours of storage at low cost, with its first commercial projects slated for operation in 2025. Meanwhile, ESS Inc. is scaling up production of all-iron flow batteries, targeting multi-megawatt installations for utility and industrial customers. Mechanical storage innovations, such as advanced pumped hydro and compressed air systems, are also being pursued by companies like Hydro-Québec and Energy Vault Holdings, Inc., leveraging gravity and air compression to deliver multi-hour to multi-day storage at grid scale.
Looking ahead, the convergence of these emerging technologies is expected to accelerate the deployment of terawatt-scale storage, with global installed capacity projected to surpass 1 TWh by 2030. Strategic partnerships between technology developers, utilities, and grid operators are critical to overcoming technical and regulatory barriers, ensuring that solid-state, hybrid, and long-duration storage solutions become integral components of resilient, decarbonized power systems.
Future Outlook: Market Opportunities, Risks, and Strategic Recommendations
The global push toward decarbonization and renewable energy integration is accelerating demand for terawatt-scale grid storage solutions. As of 2025, the market is entering a pivotal phase, with several gigawatt-scale projects under construction and a robust pipeline of announced deployments. The International Energy Agency projects that global grid-scale battery storage capacity could surpass 1 terawatt-hour (TWh) by the end of the decade, with annual installations expected to double between 2024 and 2027.
Key market opportunities are emerging from the rapid cost declines and performance improvements in lithium-ion battery technologies, led by major manufacturers such as Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL), LG Energy Solution, and Panasonic Corporation. These companies are scaling up production capacities to meet surging demand from utility-scale projects, particularly in the United States, China, and Europe. In parallel, alternative long-duration storage technologies—including flow batteries, compressed air, and thermal storage—are gaining traction, with companies like ESS Inc. and Form Energy advancing commercial deployments.
Strategically, grid operators and utilities are increasingly seeking storage solutions that can provide multi-hour to multi-day flexibility, essential for balancing variable renewable generation. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Long Duration Storage Shot targets a 90% cost reduction for long-duration storage by 2030, spurring innovation and public-private partnerships. In Europe, the European Battery Alliance is fostering regional supply chains and supporting large-scale projects to enhance energy security and resilience.
However, the sector faces notable risks. Supply chain constraints for critical minerals—such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt—pose challenges for battery manufacturers, potentially impacting project timelines and costs. Geopolitical tensions and trade policy uncertainties may further complicate procurement and deployment. Additionally, regulatory frameworks in many regions are still evolving, with market rules and revenue models for storage assets not yet fully established.
To capitalize on the terawatt-scale opportunity, stakeholders should prioritize:
- Securing diversified and sustainable supply chains for battery materials.
- Investing in R&D for alternative chemistries and long-duration storage technologies.
- Engaging with policymakers to shape supportive regulatory environments and market mechanisms.
- Developing robust project pipelines and partnerships to accelerate deployment at scale.
In summary, the outlook for terawatt-scale grid storage is highly promising, with significant market growth expected through 2030. Strategic action on technology, supply chain, and policy fronts will be critical to realizing the full potential of grid storage as a cornerstone of the clean energy transition.
Sources & References
- Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (CATL)
- EVE Energy Co., Ltd.
- Form Energy, Inc.
- U.S. Energy Storage Association
- Volkswagen Group
- Invinity Energy Systems
- Form Energy
- Fluence Energy, Inc.
- Energy Storage Association
- International Energy Agency
- ANDRITZ AG
- Voith Group
- Invinity Energy Systems
- Voith
- Siemens
- ABB
- Toyota Motor Corporation
- QuantumScape Corporation
- Hydro-Québec
- Energy Vault Holdings, Inc.
